Ofcom's broadcasting code in relation to Sachsgate
1- Protecting the under 18's
At the time of Sachsgate Georgina Baillie was over 18, so this section of the broadcasting code does not apply to this situation. As far as the audience being under 18 and exposed to information which they shouldn't, the BBC played a warning before the show was broadcast.
2- Harm and offence
The radio broadcast contained a lot of offensive material which could offend the listener, and Andrew Sachs and his family. Whilst the show had a warning before it, they did not thoroughly check with Andrew Sachs or Georgina Baillie that it was acceptable to be broadcast.
3- Crime
Breached rules are as followed:
2.1- generally accepted standards must be applied to the
contents of television and radio services so as to provide
adequate protection for members of the public from the
inclusion in such services of harmful and/or offensive
material.
2.3- offensive material must be justified by the context
8.1 the standard requiring adequate protection for members
of the public from unwarranted infringements of privacy.
Friday 29 January 2016
Understanding key file formats
In both Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator there are several different formats to save files in which have advantages and disadvantages.
A Photoshop PSD (.PSD) is designed to be worked on in photoshop and is best used for print.
An advantage of a PSD is that it keeps layers, text, and colours active so the photo is able to be edited.
A disadvantage is that photoshop is the only program in which this image format can be edited by.
A Gif file (.gif) is designed for web. Advantages are that Gifs are good for sending electronically as they compresses into a smaller file. Gifs can also have transparent areas om the picture which allows the image to go onto a premade background without disturbing it.
A disadvantage is that gifs are unable to keep a lot of detail.
A Photoshop PSD (.PSD) is designed to be worked on in photoshop and is best used for print.
An advantage of a PSD is that it keeps layers, text, and colours active so the photo is able to be edited.
A disadvantage is that photoshop is the only program in which this image format can be edited by.
A Gif file (.gif) is designed for web. Advantages are that Gifs are good for sending electronically as they compresses into a smaller file. Gifs can also have transparent areas om the picture which allows the image to go onto a premade background without disturbing it.
A disadvantage is that gifs are unable to keep a lot of detail.
Wednesday 27 January 2016
Product Placement on TV
Product Placement is when a company pays a TV company or programme maker to include their products in the show.
Product placement on UK TV has been allowed with films and international programs for years, and then allowed in UK TV programmes since 2011.
Products cannot be placed in news shows or childrens programmes.
These are the products that cannot be placed on TV-
Product placement on UK TV has been allowed with films and international programs for years, and then allowed in UK TV programmes since 2011.
Products cannot be placed in news shows or childrens programmes.
These are the products that cannot be placed on TV-
- Cigarettes and other tobacco products, along with medicines that are available only on prescription, alcoholic drinks, gambling products, all other types of medicines, food and drink that is high in fat, salt, or sugar, baby milk, products that can't be advertised (such as guns and other weapons).
If a UK programme contains product placement, the TV channel has to show a special logo.
Understanding structure and ownership in the creative media sector
Chapter one- Understanding structure and ownership in the creative media sector
The creative media industry consists of film, TV, radio, publishing, advertising and marketing, animation, interactive media, games, and photo imaging. Within these sectors, there are several subsidiaries that exist, thus making the creative media industry even bigger. In this assignment I will be explaining structure and ownership in the creative media sector.
Film
The film industry is structured around the various steps of production which include Development, pre-production, production, post production, and more- as shown by the below poster which was in the December 2015 empire magazine.
Different companies can have different roles in the film development process depending on their relationship with the company which has total control over the project.
For example, the film Elf was a co-production between New Line cinema- who are credited as the distributors- and Guy Walks Into A Bar Productions.
The film industry has several ways of earning profit which include retail sales, downloads, advertisers, sponsorship, cinema box office, CD and DVD sales, as well as merchandise.
An example of a huge film company is Walt Disney Pictures. Disney currently has its own production and distribution sectors for the different types of films it produces.
(Wikipedia)
The whole Walt Disney Company employs 58000 people and has sales figures of of $49.78 billion according to Forbes Most Valuable Brands.
One of the reasons why Disney is such a big company is because it is a Conglomerate and owns companies such as LucasFilm and Pixar, as well as being involved in all of the creative media sectors such as TV (Disney Channel) and Radio (Radio Disney).
Television
Television is one of the biggest creative media sectors. In 2013 there were 121,910 employees in the TV broadcasting which was more than both the radio broadcasting employees, and the cable employees. The structure of television is focused on five parts: Creation, Production, Aggregation, Service, and Delivery. Creation and Production are carried out by the production company, Aggregation is carried out by a channel or network, and is the packaging of several tv shows onto one channel. Service and Delivery are carried out by cable or satellite companies. The whole TV sector employs over 55,900 people.
The BBC is quite possibly the biggest UK Television company due to having 10 live TV channels- two for children- as well as BBC Iplayer on which people can catch up on their shows through. There are 20,951 employees within the whole of the BBC.
The BBC is publicly funded through the obligatory license fee which everyone has to pay to watch television, whether coloured or black and white, although the latter is cheaper. Between 2013 and 2014 66% of all license fees paid went towards TV, which equates to £2276 million, or £8.00 per month, per household.
The sources of income vary between whether the TV company is private (like Disney Channel) or public (like BBC) as the BBC's income comes from the licence fee as well as merchandise sold and DVD's sold. The Disney Channel would have CD sales as another source of income as almost everything they produce for the channel has a soundtrack.
Radio
There are two types of radio which exist- publicly funded, or commercially funded (advertisements).
Different radio stations can focus on different genres, whereas some just focus on what is popular like Capital.
Radio employs over 22,800 people.
Publicly funded examples of radios are all of the BBC radios, whereas an example of a commercially funded radio station is Capital FM. Capital have different radio stations around the country, as shown by their website.
Capital FM is funded by adverts played, hence why it is known as commercial radio.
In the BBC there are 1300 employees working on their radio.
Publishing
The sector known as publishing includes books, magazines, newspapers and information services.
The biggest book publisher in the world, according to The Passive Voice is Pearson, which is a subsidiary to Pearson PLC. Another subsidiary it owns is Edexcel, the exam board. The company primarily produces resources for schools and colleges, and had 40,000 employees as of 2009.
This is the structure of the Publishing sector which shows the outlets of income that exist for each part of the book. This therefore shows who is involved in the process.
Advertising and Marketing
Advertising and marketing refers to the promotional material created for the other sectors, and can include logos, posters, and more. This sector employs 21,455 people. Media advertising and marketing has increased in popularity in the past few years as a job, and presently many universities do a course solely focused on media advertising. The main source of income for Advertising would be client jobs such as logos or posters.
Animation
The animation sector has over 4600 people working for it in the UK, which doesn't seem like much. Animation can be used in films, TV shows, music videos, and advertisements.
Animated films are for the most part dominating the cinema box offices.
The biggest animation film companies are:
The photo imaging sector includes image producers, photo retail, picture libraries and agencies, manufacturers, and support services (for example equipment hire and repair).
The sector has around 44,000 people working in those five sections, in over 14,000 companies.
The main source of income for the photo imaging sector would be jobs coming in from outside clients such as retouching or airbrushing.
Private Ownership Television is funded by advertising and most of the time applies to a certain audience only, for example MTV which aims its TV shows at 16- 24 year olds. This is an advantage as they know they are sticking to what they are good at rather than trying to please everyone.
Public Ownership television, like the BBC, is funded by the licence fee that everyone has to pay. As it is public, the shows have to be A- suitable for everyone viewing (or played after watershed) and B- please everyone. This is why they have an array of channels, as they please more people by having audience specific channels like cbeebies. This is an advantage as it increases their outlets.
A Multinational company is a company which controls production in more than one country other than their home country. An example of this is Universal, as their films are released in many countries, and an advantage of this is that the audience is diverse.
Diversification is the ownership of unrelated products by a company which did not originally start out that way. An example of a diversified company is Virgin as they started out distributing music, then created a record label, and developed a mobile phone distributor company, as well as an airline and many more. An advantage is that they have full say over what happens in those companies and they all bring money into the overall company.
Share of ownership is common when two conglomerates take over a company and both have ownership of it. CBS and Viacom have a large portion of ownership of National amusements (Theatre Company).
Product Diversity(or product variety) refers to the different products which the company has to offer. This could relate to diversification- like Virgin- or could relate to a company creating different products for one media sector. For example, the BBC has to have a variety of products available as it is public service and has to please everyone, so they have shows for almost every target audience.
Profitability of Product range is a phrase which refers to companies using what is popular and sticking with it to make more money. An example would be Disney using Frozen so much. Post success of the original film they have since released a short film, tonnes of merchandise relating to the film, and there is a sequel planned currently. Another example is film companies releasing Horror films in Autumn, and family movies when school isn't in session.
Performance against financial concerns relates to how well companies do against competitors or whilst there are troubles in the general economy.
Organisational objectives are the ultimate goals and objectives of a company. For example, pixar's objectives as written on their LinkedIn page are
'to combine proprietary technology and world-
class creative talent to develop computer
animated feature films with memorable
characters and heartwarming stories that
appeal to audiences of all ages.'
Licences and Franchises seem similar but
have different meanings. Licensing refers to a business offering another business the chance to create their products for a fee. An example of this is how disney sell their characters to be reproduced.
A franchise is a collection of media that has come from an original media product. Shrek is a franchise as it has four films, and several short films for which the idea was carried on from the first film.
Competitors exist in media whether you are a small company, or a big conglomerate company. An example of competition in terms of film is Disney Pixar as a competitor of Illumination pictures. They both had family blockbusters out this past summer, with Pixar releasing Inside Out and Illumination releasing Minions. Competition can be a good thing for a company as it can push you to be better.
Customers are important in all media sectors as no one would make any money if there were any customers. A company which especially needs to please its customers is the BBC as it is funded through the obligatory License fee and therefore has to appeal to everyone paying that.
Voluntary ownership is the section of creative media which is not produced for a profit. Several radio stations, such as ones in some hospitals, are voluntary and not created for a profit.
National and Global competition is the way in which companies compete with each other despite long distances.
Trends are figures which allow media companies to see how well themselves and competitors are doing presently, and how well they will be doing in the future if they keep the same sales figures as they have now.
Conglomerates are big media companies (or parent companies) which own a lot of smaller companies which are called subsidiaries. An example of a hugely popular conglomerate is The Walt Disney Company which has subsidiaries which it owns (Pixar, LucasFilm, Marvel) as well as subsidiaries in almost all of the creative media sectors (radio, print, film, animation, TV, Interactive Media, and Games). They also have subsidiaries in the music industry.
Independent media companies are any company which isn't influenced by the government or corporate interests. An advantage of being an independent company is that you have a niche target audience and can create the films you want.
Cross media ownership is the diversifying of a company to begin to create different products. An example of this is Disney creating a record label for the soundtracks of their films.
Mergers are the combination of two media companies coming together to create a bigger media company.An example of merging within the larger creative media industry is the merging of Virgin records and Mercury records to create the record label Virgin EMI. An advantage of a merger like this is that both companies originally had artists signed, so these artists became a shared product when the companies were merged.
During a Takeover one company gains control over another company. An example of a media takeover is when Virgin Media was sold to Liberty Global.
The creative media industry consists of film, TV, radio, publishing, advertising and marketing, animation, interactive media, games, and photo imaging. Within these sectors, there are several subsidiaries that exist, thus making the creative media industry even bigger. In this assignment I will be explaining structure and ownership in the creative media sector.
Film
The film industry is structured around the various steps of production which include Development, pre-production, production, post production, and more- as shown by the below poster which was in the December 2015 empire magazine.
Different companies can have different roles in the film development process depending on their relationship with the company which has total control over the project.
For example, the film Elf was a co-production between New Line cinema- who are credited as the distributors- and Guy Walks Into A Bar Productions.
The film industry has several ways of earning profit which include retail sales, downloads, advertisers, sponsorship, cinema box office, CD and DVD sales, as well as merchandise.
An example of a huge film company is Walt Disney Pictures. Disney currently has its own production and distribution sectors for the different types of films it produces.
(Wikipedia)The whole Walt Disney Company employs 58000 people and has sales figures of of $49.78 billion according to Forbes Most Valuable Brands.
One of the reasons why Disney is such a big company is because it is a Conglomerate and owns companies such as LucasFilm and Pixar, as well as being involved in all of the creative media sectors such as TV (Disney Channel) and Radio (Radio Disney).
Television
Television is one of the biggest creative media sectors. In 2013 there were 121,910 employees in the TV broadcasting which was more than both the radio broadcasting employees, and the cable employees. The structure of television is focused on five parts: Creation, Production, Aggregation, Service, and Delivery. Creation and Production are carried out by the production company, Aggregation is carried out by a channel or network, and is the packaging of several tv shows onto one channel. Service and Delivery are carried out by cable or satellite companies. The whole TV sector employs over 55,900 people.
The BBC is quite possibly the biggest UK Television company due to having 10 live TV channels- two for children- as well as BBC Iplayer on which people can catch up on their shows through. There are 20,951 employees within the whole of the BBC.
The BBC is publicly funded through the obligatory license fee which everyone has to pay to watch television, whether coloured or black and white, although the latter is cheaper. Between 2013 and 2014 66% of all license fees paid went towards TV, which equates to £2276 million, or £8.00 per month, per household.
The sources of income vary between whether the TV company is private (like Disney Channel) or public (like BBC) as the BBC's income comes from the licence fee as well as merchandise sold and DVD's sold. The Disney Channel would have CD sales as another source of income as almost everything they produce for the channel has a soundtrack.
Radio
There are two types of radio which exist- publicly funded, or commercially funded (advertisements).
Different radio stations can focus on different genres, whereas some just focus on what is popular like Capital.
Radio employs over 22,800 people.
Publicly funded examples of radios are all of the BBC radios, whereas an example of a commercially funded radio station is Capital FM. Capital have different radio stations around the country, as shown by their website.
In the BBC there are 1300 employees working on their radio.
Publishing
The sector known as publishing includes books, magazines, newspapers and information services.
The biggest book publisher in the world, according to The Passive Voice is Pearson, which is a subsidiary to Pearson PLC. Another subsidiary it owns is Edexcel, the exam board. The company primarily produces resources for schools and colleges, and had 40,000 employees as of 2009.
This is the structure of the Publishing sector which shows the outlets of income that exist for each part of the book. This therefore shows who is involved in the process.
Advertising and Marketing
Advertising and marketing refers to the promotional material created for the other sectors, and can include logos, posters, and more. This sector employs 21,455 people. Media advertising and marketing has increased in popularity in the past few years as a job, and presently many universities do a course solely focused on media advertising. The main source of income for Advertising would be client jobs such as logos or posters.
Animation
The animation sector has over 4600 people working for it in the UK, which doesn't seem like much. Animation can be used in films, TV shows, music videos, and advertisements.
Animated films are for the most part dominating the cinema box offices.
The biggest animation film companies are:
- Pixar (A subsidiary of Disney) which had over 1200 employees in 2011 and released big films such as Inside Out (2015) and Toy Story (1995)
- Dreamworks which had 2200 employees in 2013 and has released big franchises such as Shrek and Madagascar.
- Studio Ghibli (A subsidiary of Toho Co) which had around 300 employees in 2012. The studio has released films such as Howl's Moving Castle and Spirited Away.
The sources of income for the animation sector are similar to films as it is DVD sales, cinema ticket sales, merchandise sales, and soundtrack sales.
Interactive Media
Interactive media refers to websites and media that can be shown on interactive televisions which include moving pictures that interact with the viewer.
Examples of interactive media websites can be social networks such as facebook and tumblr. Video games also come under the interactive media sector although they have their own sector.
This is the structure of the interactive media sector according to ATSF. This sector employs about 40,000 people.
Games
This is the structure of the games sector. The first four steps can be carried out by the same company or different ones whereas Retail is the place that sells the game.
The amount of employees in the games industry in 2010 were 32,000.
The biggest game companies according to revenue are as follows:
The sources of income for the Games sector are the games consoles, the games, and the add on packs for games.
This is the structure of the interactive media sector according to ATSF. This sector employs about 40,000 people.
The amount of employees in the games industry in 2010 were 32,000.
The biggest game companies according to revenue are as follows:
Photo Imaging
The photo imaging sector includes image producers, photo retail, picture libraries and agencies, manufacturers, and support services (for example equipment hire and repair).
The sector has around 44,000 people working in those five sections, in over 14,000 companies.
The main source of income for the photo imaging sector would be jobs coming in from outside clients such as retouching or airbrushing.
Private Ownership Television is funded by advertising and most of the time applies to a certain audience only, for example MTV which aims its TV shows at 16- 24 year olds. This is an advantage as they know they are sticking to what they are good at rather than trying to please everyone.
Public Ownership television, like the BBC, is funded by the licence fee that everyone has to pay. As it is public, the shows have to be A- suitable for everyone viewing (or played after watershed) and B- please everyone. This is why they have an array of channels, as they please more people by having audience specific channels like cbeebies. This is an advantage as it increases their outlets.
A Multinational company is a company which controls production in more than one country other than their home country. An example of this is Universal, as their films are released in many countries, and an advantage of this is that the audience is diverse.
Diversification is the ownership of unrelated products by a company which did not originally start out that way. An example of a diversified company is Virgin as they started out distributing music, then created a record label, and developed a mobile phone distributor company, as well as an airline and many more. An advantage is that they have full say over what happens in those companies and they all bring money into the overall company.
Share of ownership is common when two conglomerates take over a company and both have ownership of it. CBS and Viacom have a large portion of ownership of National amusements (Theatre Company).
Product Diversity(or product variety) refers to the different products which the company has to offer. This could relate to diversification- like Virgin- or could relate to a company creating different products for one media sector. For example, the BBC has to have a variety of products available as it is public service and has to please everyone, so they have shows for almost every target audience.
Profitability of Product range is a phrase which refers to companies using what is popular and sticking with it to make more money. An example would be Disney using Frozen so much. Post success of the original film they have since released a short film, tonnes of merchandise relating to the film, and there is a sequel planned currently. Another example is film companies releasing Horror films in Autumn, and family movies when school isn't in session.
Performance against financial concerns relates to how well companies do against competitors or whilst there are troubles in the general economy.
Organisational objectives are the ultimate goals and objectives of a company. For example, pixar's objectives as written on their LinkedIn page are
'to combine proprietary technology and world-
class creative talent to develop computer
animated feature films with memorable
characters and heartwarming stories that
appeal to audiences of all ages.'
Licences and Franchises seem similar but
have different meanings. Licensing refers to a business offering another business the chance to create their products for a fee. An example of this is how disney sell their characters to be reproduced.
A franchise is a collection of media that has come from an original media product. Shrek is a franchise as it has four films, and several short films for which the idea was carried on from the first film.
Competitors exist in media whether you are a small company, or a big conglomerate company. An example of competition in terms of film is Disney Pixar as a competitor of Illumination pictures. They both had family blockbusters out this past summer, with Pixar releasing Inside Out and Illumination releasing Minions. Competition can be a good thing for a company as it can push you to be better.
Customers are important in all media sectors as no one would make any money if there were any customers. A company which especially needs to please its customers is the BBC as it is funded through the obligatory License fee and therefore has to appeal to everyone paying that.
Voluntary ownership is the section of creative media which is not produced for a profit. Several radio stations, such as ones in some hospitals, are voluntary and not created for a profit.
National and Global competition is the way in which companies compete with each other despite long distances.
Trends are figures which allow media companies to see how well themselves and competitors are doing presently, and how well they will be doing in the future if they keep the same sales figures as they have now.
Conglomerates are big media companies (or parent companies) which own a lot of smaller companies which are called subsidiaries. An example of a hugely popular conglomerate is The Walt Disney Company which has subsidiaries which it owns (Pixar, LucasFilm, Marvel) as well as subsidiaries in almost all of the creative media sectors (radio, print, film, animation, TV, Interactive Media, and Games). They also have subsidiaries in the music industry.
Independent media companies are any company which isn't influenced by the government or corporate interests. An advantage of being an independent company is that you have a niche target audience and can create the films you want.
Cross media ownership is the diversifying of a company to begin to create different products. An example of this is Disney creating a record label for the soundtracks of their films.
Mergers are the combination of two media companies coming together to create a bigger media company.An example of merging within the larger creative media industry is the merging of Virgin records and Mercury records to create the record label Virgin EMI. An advantage of a merger like this is that both companies originally had artists signed, so these artists became a shared product when the companies were merged.
During a Takeover one company gains control over another company. An example of a media takeover is when Virgin Media was sold to Liberty Global.
Monday 25 January 2016
Stop Motion Production- Lesson One- 25/01/2016
The idea I have for my first stop motion animation is to create a time lapse drawing of either a Disney cartoon character or a famous person. This is the idea most likely to happen, however it seems quite simple compared to what animation can consist of.
Another idea that is a possibility is creating an animated music video, such as Taylor Swift's lyric video for eyes open.
If I were to do the lyric video idea i think I would do it on the song Runaway by The Vamps or Burn by The Vamps, as they both have quite a lot of imagery in them.
I am also considering model animation, and I am going to start looking at examples of lego animation as I am unable to use the clay due to allergies.
Friday 22 January 2016
Stop Motion Animation assignment
Since its beginning, animation has depended on the persistence of vision. Persistence of vision fills in the gaps between pictures, therefore making it look like they move.
Animation was originally not made for large broadcasting and instead created on devices that would only allow viewing by single people at a time.
A Zoetrope is one of several pre film animation devices and has a greek name- Zoe meaning life and Tropos meaning turning, although historians believe that it was created in 100 bc by a Chinese inventor. The device was a cylinder with vertical slits in the sides and images around the inside.
This is a Victorian Zoetrope which was recently up for sale online.
A phenakitoscope is another early animation device, the first part of the word comes from the greek- phenakizein- meaning to deceive or to cheat, as it deceived the eye into thinking the images were moving.
A phenakitoscope is another early animation device, the first part of the word comes from the greek- phenakizein- meaning to deceive or to cheat, as it deceived the eye into thinking the images were moving.
The device used a spinning disk that was attached vertically to a handle. the disks centre displayed drawings showing the different parts of the animation, and had a series of equally spaced slits. When the disk was spun, people could look through the slits and see the images reflection in a mirror.
This is the moving version of the phenakitoscope shown below.
The kinetoscope was made for films to be viewed by one person at a time through an eye hole window at the top of the machine in 1889 by a friend of Thomas Edison. The device created the illusion of movement by moving a strip of film with images on over a light source and a high speed shutter.
The mutoscope was similar to the kinetoscope as it didn't
project the film onto a screen and could only be viewed one person at a time, but was cheaper than a kinetoscope. The machines were coin operated and had a series of cards resembling a flip book, however weren't bound into a booklet, and were instead attached to a circular core- with 850 cards giving a minute of viewing time.
The thaumatrope was an animation technique that was also used as a toy in the 19th century. It is a small disk with a picture on each side that is attached to a piece of string. When the strings are twirled quickly it gives the illusion of the pictures blending together to give the persistence of vision.
Early animation pioneers
Georges Melies was a french illusionist and film maker, starting in 1896. He discovered that he could split film to give a perception of vision.
This is one of his films which used animation and was hand painted to include colour.
Winsor McCay was an American cartoonist (known for the comic Little Nemo) and animator (known for Gertie the Dinosaur). The technical level of McCay's animation was unmatched until Walt Disney's films arrived in the 1930's.
Cel- based animation was the technique which involved drawing each individual frame onto a clear piece of plastic film, then flipping it over to paint the colour onto it. The background would also be hand drawn but onto a seperate sheet so that when the characters moved, they did not disturb the background. The Walt Disney Studios used cel based animation until winnie the pooh (2011) and the princess and the frog(2009) , but they did not do as well as their cgi films out at that time- Bolt (2009) and Tangled (2010).
Walt Disney's first feature cel based animation film was Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937) which took three years to produce.
Cut Out animation is created by cutting out shapes (e.g a characters mouth) and making them move. One of the earliest full length cut out movies was Prince Achmed (1926) by Lotte Reininger. She also produced shorts such as Cinderella.
An example of a modern use of cut out animation is Charlie and Lola. This style of animation was used to capture the collage style of the original books.
Model based animation includes building/making characters and sets out of clay, lego, etc.
An early example of model based animation was a remake of Romeo and Juliet in 1917 by Helena Smith Dayton.
An example of modern model based animation is Wallace and Gromit. The first short film was made in 1990 by Aardman's animations.
Pixilation is a form of animation which includes taking pictures of live actors as they move slightly every time. An early example of pixilation is Monsieur Pontu (1975)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UP7p7lnC7dE
A more recent pixilation animation is The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb (1993) This film used a combination of pixilation with live actors and stop motion animation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddl9d-gsdBQ
Time based animation (time lapse) is a method of animation in which a camera takes scheduled pictures of something, and when played back you can see how it develops. This method is regularly used on sun rises/ sunsets as well as on other things in nature because of how long they take to happen when we are watching.
An example of time lapse that I found interesting was the one below created by a Dutch artist who took a picture or video of his daughter every day and then compiled them into a video to see her growth.
This is the moving version of the phenakitoscope shown below.
The kinetoscope was made for films to be viewed by one person at a time through an eye hole window at the top of the machine in 1889 by a friend of Thomas Edison. The device created the illusion of movement by moving a strip of film with images on over a light source and a high speed shutter.
The mutoscope was similar to the kinetoscope as it didn't
project the film onto a screen and could only be viewed one person at a time, but was cheaper than a kinetoscope. The machines were coin operated and had a series of cards resembling a flip book, however weren't bound into a booklet, and were instead attached to a circular core- with 850 cards giving a minute of viewing time.
The thaumatrope was an animation technique that was also used as a toy in the 19th century. It is a small disk with a picture on each side that is attached to a piece of string. When the strings are twirled quickly it gives the illusion of the pictures blending together to give the persistence of vision.
Early animation pioneers
Georges Melies was a french illusionist and film maker, starting in 1896. He discovered that he could split film to give a perception of vision.
This is one of his films which used animation and was hand painted to include colour.
Winsor McCay was an American cartoonist (known for the comic Little Nemo) and animator (known for Gertie the Dinosaur). The technical level of McCay's animation was unmatched until Walt Disney's films arrived in the 1930's.
Lotte Reininger was a German film director and a pioneer of silhouette (cut out) animation, best known for the adventures of Prince Achmed (1926).
She anticipated Walt Disney by a decade, due to creating the first multi-plane camera for special effects.
Walt Disney was an American animator and film producer. His best known early animation is Steamboat Willie, which was among the first animations to include sound - which started happening in 1928. His early animations were drawn on cels and then flipped to be painted.
Animation TechniquesWalt Disney was an American animator and film producer. His best known early animation is Steamboat Willie, which was among the first animations to include sound - which started happening in 1928. His early animations were drawn on cels and then flipped to be painted.
Cel- based animation was the technique which involved drawing each individual frame onto a clear piece of plastic film, then flipping it over to paint the colour onto it. The background would also be hand drawn but onto a seperate sheet so that when the characters moved, they did not disturb the background. The Walt Disney Studios used cel based animation until winnie the pooh (2011) and the princess and the frog(2009) , but they did not do as well as their cgi films out at that time- Bolt (2009) and Tangled (2010).
Walt Disney's first feature cel based animation film was Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937) which took three years to produce.
Cut Out animation is created by cutting out shapes (e.g a characters mouth) and making them move. One of the earliest full length cut out movies was Prince Achmed (1926) by Lotte Reininger. She also produced shorts such as Cinderella.
An early example of model based animation was a remake of Romeo and Juliet in 1917 by Helena Smith Dayton.
An example of modern model based animation is Wallace and Gromit. The first short film was made in 1990 by Aardman's animations.
Pixilation is a form of animation which includes taking pictures of live actors as they move slightly every time. An early example of pixilation is Monsieur Pontu (1975)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UP7p7lnC7dE
A more recent pixilation animation is The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb (1993) This film used a combination of pixilation with live actors and stop motion animation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddl9d-gsdBQ
Time based animation (time lapse) is a method of animation in which a camera takes scheduled pictures of something, and when played back you can see how it develops. This method is regularly used on sun rises/ sunsets as well as on other things in nature because of how long they take to happen when we are watching.
An example of time lapse that I found interesting was the one below created by a Dutch artist who took a picture or video of his daughter every day and then compiled them into a video to see her growth.
This next example is an example of a time lapse drawing, which I think I would like to create myself when it comes to creating our own. I find it fascinating seeing the blank page and then what is created and must have taken many hours.
Tuesday 19 January 2016
Factual Documentaries
http://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/ken-burns-effect-premiere-pro/
This is a post on how to create the ken Burns effect in adobe premier pro.
This is a post on how to create the ken Burns effect in adobe premier pro.
Monday 18 January 2016
Editing Theory Assignment
The History of Editing
Pioneers of Early Editing
The Lumiere brothers were French inventors who created an early motion picture camera and projector- the Cinématographe- which was light and only used a film speed of 16 frames per second. They went on to hold screenings of their films and charged admission prices at Salon Indien du Grande cafe in paris. They went on to open theatres of their own in London, Brussels, Belgium, and New York.
This is a picture of their cinematograph
Georges Melies was a French film maker who developed many technical and narrative effects of the early motion pictures. He tried to buy a cinematograph from the Lumiere brothers but they refused; seeing him as competition. His most famous technique was the jump cut which he came across by accident. Whilst filming a bus moving, his camera jammed, and when it started working again, the bus had been replaced by a hearse. He then tried to use this technique to make things disappear and reappear in his films, such as The Haunted Castle. Melies tried to present things that live theatre could not achieve, and also developed the techniques of Fading In and Fading Out, Overlapping Dissolves, and Stop Motion Photography.
Edwin Porter was an American film pioneer who developed several film editing techniques which included cross cutting and dissolving. He worked as a projectionist and had the job of cutting apart some of Melies's films to combine them into a 15 minute showing. He made the film 'The Great Train Robbery' which cut without using fades or dissolves, and didn't let the scene reach its logical end.
D.W Griffiths was an American actor and playwright in his early life, before becoming a film maker. He began creating 'two reel works' before making the 'four reel' film Judith of Bethulia (meaning the film could play for an hour. Some of the film techniques he used were Cross Cutting, Close Ups, and Dissolves.
As for how techniques of editing have changed, editing has gone from being linear in the past to non linear presently.
Linear Editing
Celluloid film used to be cut up with scissors to remove boring parts, then the interesting parts would be spliced back together. Machines like the Moviola and the Steenbeck Flat Bed were used for this process.
As John Hess says in 'The Journey to Modern Non-Linear Editing (Part 1), Television was "the impetus (thing that makes a process happen more quickly) for computerised editing".(YouTube, 2013)
In the 1950's TV shows were cut live in a studio using a video switcher to use several camera angles.
To record TV for a different part of the country (e.g. west coast America) a Kinescope was used to reproduce the TV program.
The first images recorded onto magnetic tape were in 1951 for Bing Crosby. Five years later, a video tape recorder was commercially available through AMPEX.
Magnetic tape could be cut, but needed to be developed first. This still did not allow you to see what image you were working on and could not link video to audio.
Kinescope film prints had audio cues which could be matched up to video- this was known as the Editors Sync Guide and became the modern Offline Editing.
AMPEX released an Editec which allowed the user to mark in and out points on recorded video in 1963. The SMPTE Timecode created in 1967 used numbers to distinguish frames and therefore allowed editors to locate any frame that they wanted using the format of Hours:Min:Sec:Frames.
With these machines, linear editing became possible. It was an advancement that then became boring and normal.
Non- Linear Editing
This type of editing was non destructive and had no generation loss as it was more natural.
The CMX 600 was the first machine made for non linear editing and cost $250,000 when released in 1971.
EMC2 made the first offline editor, and was followed by the AVID/1.
In non linear editing a work cut was produced first. Lost in Yonkers was the first film produced on an AVID system in 1993.
The Purpose Of Editing
From day one the main purposes of editing
have been to create pace and engage the viewer, and whereas in the beginning of editing we were able to do this with a lot of new techniques, now it depends on the film maker being creative with what is available.
There are two types of editing- continuity editing, and soviet montage editing.
Soviet montage was film which heavily relied on editing and could use images to communicate ideas whilst using music to change the audiences emotions. Soviet montage came into fashion after the russian revolution when the film stock was low and film makers wanted to experiment with found footage. Lev Kuleshov discovered that the same shots were able to create a different story if they were placed in another order. This technique became known as the Kuleshov effect when Lev showed shots of an actor, a bowl of soup, a coffin, and an attractive woman- and the audience believed that the actor had different expressions to each thing, despite the shot of the actor staying the same.
Sergei Eisenstein created propaganda for uneducated people, and wanted to use emotions and conflict ideas. This is shown in his film 'Strike' which showed a cow being slaughtered and then showed workers being killed. He also edited the famous step sequence from 'Battleship Potempkin' which lasted 7 minutes to lengthen the time that people would feel emotions. As well as this technique, he used vertical montage which relates to how the image works with the soundtrack.
Dziga Verton was another film maker that used montage, however he used it to make film making obvious. His film 'Man With A Movie Camera' was a film on how films were made. Dziga used imagery more than explanations in his films.
Continuity Editing (also known as classical
editing) is used ultimately to keep the continuity of time and space, and to not confuse the audience. This editing relates to the 180 degree rule as you cannot cross the line so that you are always on the same side. This is particularly important in the cases of conversation scenes, and when you are filming an object moving.
It could be argued that there is another type of editing, which is chaos editing. Chaos editing is rapid editing which is known as intensified continuity, and is common in action films. With chaos editing, the editors aren't bothered about the audience knowing where they are, as it uses the art of confusion and a good soundtrack to compensate for the sloppy visuals which are used. Chaos editing can often make use of a shaky handheld camera to involve the audience in the action,
The Conventions Of Editing
Continuity Editing is editing which connects
ideas and keeps the continuity of space and
time.
Jump Cuts are used to "create an ellipsis in
time , and violate space."(The Art of the Guillotine, 2016) The Jump Cut first occurred when George Melies' camera jammed whilst he was filming a bus, which was replaced with a hearse once the camera was working again. Presently, the jump cut is typically used in documentaries mostly, but is still used in films.
The 180 Degree Rule is used to keep the
continuity of time and space when filming a
scene such as a conversation between two people or when filming the movement of something. The rule makes sure that things are on the same side of the camera as they always have been which makes it easy to see who they are talking to, or which direction the thing is moving in.
Dissolves are gradual transitions from one image to another in filmmaking. Dissolves may be used in montage sequences but are usually used to show that some time has passed between the last scene and the next scene. Short dissolves can sometimes be used to soften a jump cut.
Shot Reverse Shot is used during a
conversation and can be used to show the
audience who is speaking, or a certain reaction to what has just been said.
Cutting to a soundtrack is when the scene
takes the pace or speed of the song into
consideration when cutting, for example using
slow cuts if the music is slow, and using rapid cuts if the music is fast, in for example a car chase.
I believe that through the research made for this assignment, and the writing up that I have done, I have gained a better understanding of the history of editing and will now consider these elements when editing my own work.
Pioneers of Early Editing
The Lumiere brothers were French inventors who created an early motion picture camera and projector- the Cinématographe- which was light and only used a film speed of 16 frames per second. They went on to hold screenings of their films and charged admission prices at Salon Indien du Grande cafe in paris. They went on to open theatres of their own in London, Brussels, Belgium, and New York.
This is a picture of their cinematograph
Georges Melies was a French film maker who developed many technical and narrative effects of the early motion pictures. He tried to buy a cinematograph from the Lumiere brothers but they refused; seeing him as competition. His most famous technique was the jump cut which he came across by accident. Whilst filming a bus moving, his camera jammed, and when it started working again, the bus had been replaced by a hearse. He then tried to use this technique to make things disappear and reappear in his films, such as The Haunted Castle. Melies tried to present things that live theatre could not achieve, and also developed the techniques of Fading In and Fading Out, Overlapping Dissolves, and Stop Motion Photography.
Edwin Porter was an American film pioneer who developed several film editing techniques which included cross cutting and dissolving. He worked as a projectionist and had the job of cutting apart some of Melies's films to combine them into a 15 minute showing. He made the film 'The Great Train Robbery' which cut without using fades or dissolves, and didn't let the scene reach its logical end.
D.W Griffiths was an American actor and playwright in his early life, before becoming a film maker. He began creating 'two reel works' before making the 'four reel' film Judith of Bethulia (meaning the film could play for an hour. Some of the film techniques he used were Cross Cutting, Close Ups, and Dissolves.
As for how techniques of editing have changed, editing has gone from being linear in the past to non linear presently.
Linear Editing
Celluloid film used to be cut up with scissors to remove boring parts, then the interesting parts would be spliced back together. Machines like the Moviola and the Steenbeck Flat Bed were used for this process.
As John Hess says in 'The Journey to Modern Non-Linear Editing (Part 1), Television was "the impetus (thing that makes a process happen more quickly) for computerised editing".(YouTube, 2013)
In the 1950's TV shows were cut live in a studio using a video switcher to use several camera angles.
To record TV for a different part of the country (e.g. west coast America) a Kinescope was used to reproduce the TV program.
The first images recorded onto magnetic tape were in 1951 for Bing Crosby. Five years later, a video tape recorder was commercially available through AMPEX.
Magnetic tape could be cut, but needed to be developed first. This still did not allow you to see what image you were working on and could not link video to audio.
Kinescope film prints had audio cues which could be matched up to video- this was known as the Editors Sync Guide and became the modern Offline Editing.
AMPEX released an Editec which allowed the user to mark in and out points on recorded video in 1963. The SMPTE Timecode created in 1967 used numbers to distinguish frames and therefore allowed editors to locate any frame that they wanted using the format of Hours:Min:Sec:Frames.
With these machines, linear editing became possible. It was an advancement that then became boring and normal.
Non- Linear Editing
This type of editing was non destructive and had no generation loss as it was more natural.
The CMX 600 was the first machine made for non linear editing and cost $250,000 when released in 1971.
EMC2 made the first offline editor, and was followed by the AVID/1.
In non linear editing a work cut was produced first. Lost in Yonkers was the first film produced on an AVID system in 1993.
The Purpose Of Editing
From day one the main purposes of editing
have been to create pace and engage the viewer, and whereas in the beginning of editing we were able to do this with a lot of new techniques, now it depends on the film maker being creative with what is available.
There are two types of editing- continuity editing, and soviet montage editing.
Soviet montage was film which heavily relied on editing and could use images to communicate ideas whilst using music to change the audiences emotions. Soviet montage came into fashion after the russian revolution when the film stock was low and film makers wanted to experiment with found footage. Lev Kuleshov discovered that the same shots were able to create a different story if they were placed in another order. This technique became known as the Kuleshov effect when Lev showed shots of an actor, a bowl of soup, a coffin, and an attractive woman- and the audience believed that the actor had different expressions to each thing, despite the shot of the actor staying the same.
Sergei Eisenstein created propaganda for uneducated people, and wanted to use emotions and conflict ideas. This is shown in his film 'Strike' which showed a cow being slaughtered and then showed workers being killed. He also edited the famous step sequence from 'Battleship Potempkin' which lasted 7 minutes to lengthen the time that people would feel emotions. As well as this technique, he used vertical montage which relates to how the image works with the soundtrack.
Dziga Verton was another film maker that used montage, however he used it to make film making obvious. His film 'Man With A Movie Camera' was a film on how films were made. Dziga used imagery more than explanations in his films.
Continuity Editing (also known as classical
editing) is used ultimately to keep the continuity of time and space, and to not confuse the audience. This editing relates to the 180 degree rule as you cannot cross the line so that you are always on the same side. This is particularly important in the cases of conversation scenes, and when you are filming an object moving.
It could be argued that there is another type of editing, which is chaos editing. Chaos editing is rapid editing which is known as intensified continuity, and is common in action films. With chaos editing, the editors aren't bothered about the audience knowing where they are, as it uses the art of confusion and a good soundtrack to compensate for the sloppy visuals which are used. Chaos editing can often make use of a shaky handheld camera to involve the audience in the action,
The Conventions Of Editing
Continuity Editing is editing which connects
ideas and keeps the continuity of space and
time.
Jump Cuts are used to "create an ellipsis in
time , and violate space."(The Art of the Guillotine, 2016) The Jump Cut first occurred when George Melies' camera jammed whilst he was filming a bus, which was replaced with a hearse once the camera was working again. Presently, the jump cut is typically used in documentaries mostly, but is still used in films.
The 180 Degree Rule is used to keep the
continuity of time and space when filming a
scene such as a conversation between two people or when filming the movement of something. The rule makes sure that things are on the same side of the camera as they always have been which makes it easy to see who they are talking to, or which direction the thing is moving in.
Dissolves are gradual transitions from one image to another in filmmaking. Dissolves may be used in montage sequences but are usually used to show that some time has passed between the last scene and the next scene. Short dissolves can sometimes be used to soften a jump cut.
Shot Reverse Shot is used during a
conversation and can be used to show the
audience who is speaking, or a certain reaction to what has just been said.
Cutting to a soundtrack is when the scene
takes the pace or speed of the song into
consideration when cutting, for example using
slow cuts if the music is slow, and using rapid cuts if the music is fast, in for example a car chase.
I believe that through the research made for this assignment, and the writing up that I have done, I have gained a better understanding of the history of editing and will now consider these elements when editing my own work.
References
The Art of the Guillotine, (2016). Film Editing & Jump Cut | Art of the Guillotine. [online] Available at: http://www.aotg.com/index.php?page=jumpcut [Accessed 17 Jan. 2016].
Vimeo, (2011). Chaos Cinema Part 1. [online] Available at: https://vimeo.com/28016047 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2016].
Wikipedia, (2016). Dissolve (filmmaking). [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolve_(filmmaking) [Accessed 18 Jan. 2016].
YouTube, (2013). The Journey to Modern Non-Linear Editing (Part 1). [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIVYeyWHajE [Accessed 18 Jan. 2016].
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